Fig. 2

Mechanism of find-me and eat-me signal release in necroptosis and pyroptosis. A Immunomodulatory signal is induced by MLKL phosphorylation. PS is exposed to the outer membrane, and extracellular vesicles are released together with necroptotic bodies as a result of the creation of MLKL pores, which also causes the release of cytoplasmic DAMPs. Necroptotic cells lose the integrity of their membrane, which leads to the release of their DAMPs, which include HMGBl and IL-1. B The GSDMD-N is released and translocated to the inner plasma membrane together with PS, which is exposed to the outer membrane as a ‘eat-me’ signal when the inflammasome is active. The oligomerisation induces transmembrane pores to open, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and IL-18, and cell swelling that triggers the release of DAMPs like ATP