Fig. 1From: Cullin-RING ligases in regulation of autophagyUbiquitin system and ubiquitin-like systems. a The ubiquitination of substrates involves a three-step enzymatic reaction. b Neddylation, like ubiquitination, is a trio of enzymatic steps. c Two ubiquitin-like systems, ATG12-conjugation system and LC3-conjugation system, in autophagosome elongationBack to article page