Fig. 5
From: Role of reactive oxygen species in ultraviolet-induced photodamage of the skin
Signaling pathway of MAPK in UV-induced skin photodamage affected by ROS. UV irradiation can induce ROS and then has an impact on activating the MAPK pathway within the cells. Then, the downstream factors extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), P38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the MAPK pathway can enter the nucleus and regulate transcription factors, such as AP-1 and NF-κB, inducing the expression of MMPs, upregulating the expression of inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and downregulating TGF-β expression