Table 1 Characteristics of cancer cell quiescent state-associated microRNAs
MicroRNA | Cancer type involved/definition used to describe cells studied | Method used for quiescent cell identification | Target/key biological events regulated | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
miR-17-92 | Pancreatic cancer/quiescent cancer stem cells | Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry, Ki-67 negative cells identification by immunocytochemistry | p21, ALK1, and transcription factor TBX3/G0-to-G1 phase transition enhancement | [14] |
miR-101 | Liver cancer/liver cancer stem cell CD13+/CD90− subpopulation | Fluorescence activated cell sorting | JARID1A, JMJD1B, TP53INP1, EZH2/stem cell pluripotency | [15] |
miR-126 | Chronic myelogenous leukemia/chronic myelogenous leukemia stem cells | Fluorescence activated cell sorting | PI3K/AKT signaling pathway components/proliferation, apoptosis, and colony formation | [29] |
miR-190 | Osteosarcoma, glioblastoma/dormant cells | In vitro proliferation assay based on cellular DNA content measurement, Kaplan–Meier analysis and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for dormancy models in vivo | Nuclear factor I/B, human T cell leukemia virus type I binding protein 3/cell proliferation | [13] |
miR-200a/200b/429 cluster | Breast cancer/low proliferative cells | Cell proliferation measured by immunofluorescent detection of anti-histone H3 antibodies | Snail, Twist1, Twist2, Zeb1/cell proliferation | [17] |
miR-200c | Osteosarcoma/dormant-tumor-forming cells | Kaplan–Meier analysis for survival | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3, hypoxia-induced factor 1α, basic fibroblast growth factor, K-Ras/metastasis | [18] |
miR-205 | Breast cancer/G0 quiescent cancer stem cells | Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine-Ki-67 double immunostaining | Bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway target genes (ID1 andID3), and the inhibitor of this pathway, BAMBI/induction of quiescence in cells | [19] |
miR-221 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/quiescent cells | Cell proliferation evaluation by flow cytometry, p27 immunostaining | The cell cycle inhibitor, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (or p27)/cell cycle regulation, sensitization to cytotoxic agents | [22] |
miR-222 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, breast cancer/quiescent cells | Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine staining | Cell cycle inhibitor cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, p27/drug resistance | |
miR-223 | Breast cancer/breast cancer dormant stem cells | Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, Ki-67 immunostaining | Drug resistance enhancement to carboplatin | [14] |
miR-424 | Colon cancer, osteosarcoma/proliferating cancer cells | Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis | Increase in the number of G1 cells | [25] |
miR-503 | Colon cancer, osteosarcoma/proliferating cancer cells | Flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis | Cyclin D, cyclin E, Cdc25A/Increase in the number of G1 cells, cell cycle arrest via targeting M-phase inducer phosphotase | [25] |
miR-580 | Osteosarcoma, glioblastoma, breast cancer, liposarcoma/quiescent cells | Tumor volume analysis, proliferation assay based on cellular DNA content measurement, Ki-67 immunostaining | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3, hypoxia-induced factor-1α, basic fibroblast growth factor, K-Ras/induction of antiangiogenic and dormancy promoting pathways EphA5, Angiomotin | [16] |
miR-588 | Osteosarcoma, glioblastoma, breast cancer, liposarcoma/quiescent cells | Tumor volume analysis, proliferation assay based on cellular DNA content measurement, Ki-67 immunostaining | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3, hypoxia-induced factor-1α, basic fibroblast growth factor, K-Ras/induction of antiangiogenic and dormancy promoting pathways EphA5, Angiomotin | [16] |